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	<title>Compelling Conversations &#187; EL Civics</title>
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		<title>Dwell in Possibility: Discussing Books Enlivens ESL Classes</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2010/12/15/dwell-possibility/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2010/12/15/dwell-possibility/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Dec 2010 06:00:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eric</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[adult education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adult ESL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adult literacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[book reviews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[California]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Citizenship]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Compelling Conversations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conversation lessons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EL Civics]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[favorite quotations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Teaching matters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adult illiteracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[book conversations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dwell in possibility]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Easy English Times]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Emily Dickinson quote]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English language learner]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English Language Learners]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English students]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[illiteracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[literacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[newspapers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reading]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reading pleasures]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reading skills]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[teach tolerance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[teaching English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[teaching reading]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[teaching tolerance]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Reading remains a great pleasure and a helpful guide. Literature can also enliven our ESL classrooms, and discussing our favorite books opens up new possibilities. The humanities should be for everyone - including English language learners. Let us, as Emily Dickinson advised, "dwell in possibility" and bring more literature into our English classrooms.
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>&#8220;A word is dead when it is said, some say.<br />
I say it just begins to live that day.&#8221;</em><br />
Emily Dickinson</p>
<p>Cheap pleasures can sometime be the most satisfying.</p>
<p>Reading, an activity that often costs nothing, falls into that category. Reading provides many pleasures and many insights. So does talking about reading.</p>
<p>Following a December ritual, I&#8217;ve been reviewing the year and find many reasons for satisfaction. Co-writing a monthly column called &#8220;Instant Conversation Activity&#8221;  in the newspaper <a title="Easy English Times" href="http://www.easyenglishtimes.com">Easy English Times</a> makes the list for the third straight year. Each monthly newspaper column in the <a title="Easy English Times" href="http://www.easyenglishtimes.com/">Easy English Times</a>, modifies and expands a thematic chapter from  <strong><a title="Compelling Conversations" href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com" target="_blank">Compelling Conversations</a></strong>, an advanced ESL textbook,  for lower level <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English language learners</a>. The August issue, for example, talked about watching television and favorite programs; the November 2010 issue celebrated the American tradition of choosing leaders in elections. (Immigrants, refugees, new citizens, and potential citizens often appreciate voting while too many American citizens fall into apathy.) It&#8217;s an honor to have the lessons used in ESL, EL/Civics, and literacy classes.</p>
<p>In reviewing the 2010 clips, however, my favorite column this year remains  <a title="Reading Pleasures and Tastes" href="http://easyenglishtimes.com/compelling_conversations.html">“Reading Pleasures and Tastes.</a>&#8221;<br />
Reading can be a great – and overlooked – pleasure. Reading allows us to imagine life in distant lands and times – and better understand our own lives and climates. It broadens our imagination, highlights absurd situations, shows new possibilities, and can deepen our sympathy. Since urban Californian classrooms often resemble a mini-United Nations, reading provides a passport to better understand our classmates and our ever-changing world. .</p>
<p>Yet too few American adults &#8211; including adult education students – allow themselves the pleasure of reading books and newspapers in English. We can see and hear on adult school campuses how the inability to read causes real problems. We know the many studies that document the links between illiteracy, poverty, and criminal activity.  One reason might be that reading builds empathy and instills information.  Reading can also provide solace, inspiration, and perspective.  Celebrating the pleasure and power of reading to the <a title="Easy English Times column" href="http://easyenglishtimes.com/compelling_conversations.html">Easy English Times column</a> audience, including adult immigrants, GED students  and some prisoners, seems appropriate. Perhaps it could have been called &#8220;Three Cheers for Reading – Even if Life is Hard.&#8221;</p>
<p>Yet I also like the Reading Pleasures column because discussing books has created some of my most poignant classroom moments. During a decade of teaching advanced adult ESL, we often read short stories, memorized proverbs, and wrote about living in Los Angeles and Santa Monica. Many ESL students also demonstrated their passion for literature. A Polish student sought help translating romantic poems, a Mexican immigrant constantly recited lines from Cervantes, and an Iranian woman journalist discussed her fear of reading banned books – even while in the United States.. Reading matters and transcends borders.</p>
<p>Let me give another example from a global classroom with a dozen or so different best languages. Each evening we would have a &#8220;brave volunteer&#8221; give a short oral presentation at 8:30 as a closing activity.   I wanted everyone to be a volunteer, but I left the choice of presenting to students. Some students introduced their hometowns, a few  gave product reviews, and many recommended movies. Topics and styles varied.</p>
<p>One night an older Korean woman gave an eloquent, moving book review of<strong> To Kill A Mockingbird </strong>that combined personal biography and literary criticism.  Chloe, not her real name, began smiling because she had just finished rereading her favorite book in its original language – English. She joked about how long it took, but she had patience. Chloe went on to confess that she often had racist feelings like some ugly characters in the novel. &#8220;But I learned from the noble character too&#8221;. Chloe stated that living in Santa Monica and studying English she had learned to overcome racism. Her daughter was going to marry a non-Korean – something once unthinkable. Then, returning to the novel, she concluded by quoting her favorite character.  &#8220;I think there&#8217;s just one kind of folks.  Folks. &#8221; Her daughter visited our class that night, and cried. She was not alone. Powerful. Poignant. Unforgettable.</p>
<p>Reading remains a great  pleasure and a helpful guide. Literature can also enliven our ESL classrooms, and discussing our favorite books opens up new possibilities. The humanities should be for everyone &#8211; including <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English language learners</a>. Let us, as Emily Dickinson advised, &#8220;dwell in possibility&#8221; and bring more literature into our English classrooms.</p>
<p>Ask more. Know more. Share more.<br />
Create <a title="Compelling Conversations" href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">Compelling Conversations.</a></p>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
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		<title>How do you teach about immigration issues?</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2010/07/28/teach-immigration-issues/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2010/07/28/teach-immigration-issues/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2010 01:13:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eric Roth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[adult education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adult ESL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Citizenship]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EL Civics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[freedom]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[language politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[do you teach about immigration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dual citizenship]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EL/Civics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English Language Learners]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[immigration american history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[language debate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[naturalization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[teaching tolerance]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://compellingconversations.com/blog/?p=411</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Millions of people, around the world, have chosen &#8211; or been forced &#8211; to leave the nation where they were born. Immigration has become more popular &#8211; partly due to modern technologies like planes, trains, and cars &#8211; than ever before in human history. Immigration remains a vital, if controversial, topic. Why do people immigrant? [...]
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Millions of people, around the world, have chosen &#8211; or been forced &#8211; to leave the nation where they were born. Immigration has become more popular &#8211; partly due to modern technologies like planes, trains, and cars &#8211; than ever before in human history. </p>
<p>Immigration remains a vital, if controversial, topic. Why do people immigrant? How have immigrants contributed to your country? How important is the distinction between legal and illegal? Do wealthy nations have an obligation to open their doors to refugees? What qualifies someone as a refugee? Should nations chose their immigrants? If so, what criteria should nations use? How have immigration laws changed over time in your country? What, by the way, do you consider &#8220;your&#8221; country? Do you think someone can be a loyal citizen to more than one country? How?</p>
<p>As today&#8217;s federal court decision in Arizona shows, the debate over illegal immigration remains alive, often hot, and frequently ugly in the United States. On one hand, the United States celebrates the Statue of Liberty as a national symbol and accepts more legal immigrants than any other nation on the earth. On the other hand, the continuing economic crisis and high unemployment rates have led to widespread resentment about the large number of illegal immigrants. President Obama has called for a civil, open, and honest debate as the United States debates its immigration policies.  Many other nations are holding similar debates. </p>
<p><a href="http://www.tolerance.org">Teaching Tolerance,</a> an exceptional educational non-profit that provides many free resources to American teachers, is asking a simple question this week. How do you teach about immigration issues? Join the discussion <a href="http://www.tolerance.org/blog/tell-us-how-you-teach-about-immigration">here</a>. </p>
<p>Context, as ever, remains crucial. Teaching about immigration issues is far easier in some contexts &#8211; such as an intensive English language program &#8211; than in other contexts. Teaching the history of American immigration in an EL/Civics class is far easier than discussing current events in my advanced adult ESL classes in Santa Monica. Why? Everyone in the EL/Civics class was pursuing citizenship, and held legal status. On the other hand, the advanced ESL class &#8211; on the same campus &#8211; was clearly divided between refugees, visa lottery winners, other legal immigrants, and many undocumented/illegal immigrants. With limited language skills and great passion, the topic was too controversial to rationally discuss.  </p>
<p>Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and many other English-speaking nations continue to attract immigrants and refugees from around the world. As <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English teachers</a>, we know the faces and stories behind the statistics. We also know the crucial role that English skills play in creating successful immigration policies. But do we teach about immigration? And, if so, how? </p>
<p>Ask more. Know more. Share more.<br />
Create <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">Compelling Conversations.</a><br />
Visit <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">www.CompellingConversations.com</a> </p>
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		<title>Looking for An ESL Book to Improve Speaking Skills?  SMDP Recommends Compelling Conversations!</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2009/01/23/looking-for-an-esl-book-to-improve-speaking-skills-smdp-recommends-compelling-conversations/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2009/01/23/looking-for-an-esl-book-to-improve-speaking-skills-smdp-recommends-compelling-conversations/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 Jan 2009 04:10:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Chimayo Press</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[adult education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adult literacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[book reviews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[California]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[EL Civics]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Santa Monica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vocabulary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Add new tag]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[American Dream]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Chimayo Press]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conversation skills]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dane Robert Swanson]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English class]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English language books]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eric H. Roth]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Toni Aberson]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://compellingconversations.com/blog/?p=157</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Have you been looking for a good ESL manual? If you
have, I think this is one to consider. The topics cover:
Your Life, The Civic Life, along with the everyday aspects
as dating, enjoying money, handling stress.

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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Santa Monica, California attracts artists, scholars, busboys, maids, actresses, models, sales people, mechanics, and film directors from around the world. Naturally, this upscale, coastal city provides many adult education classes, private language classes, and hosts English as a Second language workplace programs. The local newspaper, The Santa Monica Daily Press (SMDP), also covers immigration issues in great depth and publishes articles offering advice to new Americans and citizens.</p>
<p>Last week book editor SMDP Dane Robert Swanson wrote a very positive book review, in simple clear prose, directed at Santa Monica immigrants. Noting the importance of literally speaking English to achieve the American Dream, Swanson suggested immigrants practice their conversation skills and build their vocabulary using Compelling Conversations in their classrooms and in local cafes.<br />
Naturally, I&#8217;m very pleased with this long, strong book review written in a simplied English style. As an ESL writing instructor, however, I wish the reviewer had used more transitions between paragraphs to add greater cohesion.  English students can read more than simple sentences when collecting information on new books. Still, Swanson&#8217;s instincts to write short sentences is spot-on for local immigrants. Consider me grateful and pleased! </p>
<p>Here, without editing, is the entire July 16 book review.</p>
<p>Visit us online at smdp.com FRIDAY, JANUARY 16, 2009 9<br />
Call us today at (310) 458-7737<br />
B Y D A N E R O B E R T S W A N S O N<br />
BOOKREVIEW<br />
‘Compelling<br />
Conversations’<br />
Eric H. Roth and Toni Aberson<br />
Chimayo Press</p>
<p>America is a great land of opportunity. I am sure we<br />
all want to get ahead in this country. We want to find the<br />
type of employment that is suited for us. We wish to<br />
advance in the work world. We wish to make friends.</p>
<p>The best way to get ahead in the world is to speak the<br />
mother tongue of the country you are living in. In this<br />
case, we are talking about English. With so many<br />
“English as a Second Language” courses being taught<br />
there is no excuse for not learning. The problem is, what<br />
book do you use to learn from?</p>
<p>Have you been looking for a good ESL manual? If you<br />
have, I think this is one to consider. The topics cover:<br />
Your Life, The Civic Life, along with the everyday aspects<br />
as dating, enjoying money, handling stress.</p>
<p>The editors put it together in an easy to use form. You<br />
have conversation starters such as, “How much time do<br />
you spend each week in cars? Why?”</p>
<p>There is a section in each chapter for vocabulary<br />
building. A section on common sayings is included, as<br />
well. To increase the conversation we have such questions<br />
as this: “Do you prefer to drive in the city or the<br />
country? Flat or hills?”</p>
<p>Each chapter in the book concludes with quotations.<br />
An example is this one by Woody Allen, “I have bad<br />
reflexes. I was once run over by a car being pushed by<br />
two guys.”</p>
<p>This manual helps conversation by giving common<br />
subjects to talk about. Since English is one of the confusing,<br />
difficult and strange languages for a foreigner to<br />
grasp and be comfortable conversing in, the compilers<br />
pack in 45 chapters over 30 questions, 10 or more targeted<br />
vocabulary words, some proverbs, and quotations<br />
per chapter.</p>
<p>Each chapter focuses on a promising conversation<br />
topic. They start with easy questions and continue on to<br />
questions a bit more abstract. Each question is there to<br />
allow the speaker to share his life experiences along with<br />
his insights.</p>
<p>This manual will go best with the advanced ESL student<br />
or even at coffee shop conversation clubs. It will<br />
bring about authentic, not stilted communication, which<br />
should be the purpose of an ESL course. It is easier for a<br />
person to learn a language through conversation rather<br />
than by a given list of vocabulary words. That is what<br />
makes this a welcome addition to the material which can<br />
be used for the immigrant who must learn English to<br />
advance in the world.</p>
<p>    Eric H. Roth has taught many ESL courses at Santa<br />
Monica College, UCLA Extension, Cal State Long Beach’s<br />
American Language Institute. Toni Aberson has taught<br />
English and supervised teachers for over 35 years and<br />
holds to the view that when you have a lively classroom<br />
you have optimal learning going on.</p>
<p>    This manual is available at Amazon.com. It can also be<br />
purchased on the Web site: <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">www.CompellingCoversations.com</a>.<br />
There is a substantial discount available for schools and bookstores.</p>
<p>DANE ROBERT SWANSON is the best looking book reviewer in Santa Monica and wishes to get feedback from you.<br />
Smdp_review@yahoo.com.<br />
&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</p>
<p>Thank you Dane, for the wonderful review.<br />
&#8220;Gratitude is the memory of the heart.&#8221; French proverb</p>
<p>Ask more. Know more. Share more.<br />
Create <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">Compelling Conversations.</a><br />
Visit <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">www.CompellingConversations.com</a> </p>
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		<title>Paraphrasing is an Essential Conversation Skill!</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2009/01/17/paraphrasing-is-an-essential-conversation-skill/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2009/01/17/paraphrasing-is-an-essential-conversation-skill/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 2009 02:40:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Chimayo Press</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[If English students can accurately paraphrase a reading, a radio segment, or a verbal statement, they can actively participate in common conversations and classroom discussions. Many English teachers underestimate the importance of this skill, and assume students understand more than they might. Verbal paraphrasing activities allow both students and teachers to assess a listening comprehension in a natural, authentic manner.
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Paraphrasing matters in conversation too! </p>
<p>Experienced <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English teachers</a> know that students must learn paraphrasing skills for academic writing assignments. Likewise paraphrasing remains a vital skill for <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English language learners</a> to participate in academic classrooms, everyday conversations, social situations, and commercial transactions.</p>
<p>The ability to re-phrase and re-state, usually called paraphrasing, allows English students to confirm information, accurately convey information, and avoid plagiarism problems in writing papers. As a result, paraphrasing is  usually emphasized in English as a Second Language (ESL)  and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing classes. Classes and teachers focusing on oral skills from academic presentations to simple conversations should also devote some attention to paraphrasing too.</p>
<p>English language students, whether university or adult and young or old, must learn to confirm information by asking clarification questions. This critical skill will increase their ability to collect information, avoid costly mistakes, and reduce their everyday stress level. Some useful phrases for a listener to ask include:<br />
<strong><br />
Are you saying…?<br />
Do you mean?<br />
What are you getting at?<br />
If I understand you correctly, you are saying …<br />
So you are saying… Right?<br />
Did I get that right? </strong></p>
<p>Speakers can also check to see if their group members and classmates understand their directions.</p>
<p><strong>Are you with me?<br />
Can you understand me?<br />
Was I going too fast?<br />
Should I rephrase that?<br />
Do you follow?<br />
Is that clear?<br />
Should I repeat the directions?<br />
Do you want me to repeat that?<br />
Would it be better for me to repeat that?<br />
Can I answer any questions?<br />
Is anybody lost?<br />
</strong></p>
<p>Asking advanced English students to repeat directions, in different words, can also be an effective group activity. The directions can be to a physical location (home, campus building, museum) or how to do something simple like  finding a definition or sending an email. You can also extend the assignment by requesting detailed directions on a complicated procedure such as getting a driver&#8217;s license, applying for a visa, or choosing a new laptop.  </p>
<p>Further, you can ask students to share an autobiographical story. Student A tells a story, and Student B retells that story with different words to Student C. This paraphrasing exercise also helps build a larger, more practical vocabulary.</p>
<p>Another teaching technique that I’ve found useful is asking students to paraphrase proverbs and quotations. This exercise, done in groups of two, is often followed by asking if students agree or disagree with the proverb or quotation. Of course, students have to give a reason and/or an example. ESL tutors and lucky <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English teachers</a> with small classes can elaborate this technique to match student interests.</p>
<p>If English students can accurately paraphrase a reading, a radio segment, or a verbal statement, they can actively participate in common conversations and classroom discussions. Many <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English teachers</a> underestimate the importance of this skill, and assume students understand more than they might. Verbal paraphrasing activities allow both students and teachers to assess listening comprehension skills in a natural, authentic manner.</p>
<p>Therefore, verbal paraphrasing deserves more attention in speaking activities &#8211; especially in high intermediate and advanced levels! Don&#8217;t you agree? </p>
<p>What techniques or exercises do you use to improve paraphrasing skills? </p>
<p>Ask more. Know more. Share more.<br />
Create <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">Compelling Conversations.</a><br />
Visit <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">www.CompellingConversations.com</a> today! </p>
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		<title>Exploring Cities in ESL Classrooms</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/11/15/exploring-cities-in-esl-classrooms/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/11/15/exploring-cities-in-esl-classrooms/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 15 Nov 2008 18:36:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Chimayo Press</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[academic matters]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[urban life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[urban stories]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://compellingconversations.com/blog/?p=117</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Cities attract the young, the strong, the ambitious, and the hungry. Millions move from countryside and across the globe to live in new cities every year. Cities provide jobs, culture, and education. Cities are exciting. Yet, sometimes danger also lurks in cities. Do you like living in cities? Which cities have you visited? Which cities [...]
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:ApplyBreakingRules /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:UseFELayout /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object  classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object><br />
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<p class="MsoNormal">Cities attract the young, the strong, the ambitious, and the hungry.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">Millions move from countryside and across the globe to live in new cities every year. Cities provide jobs, culture,<span> </span>and education. Cities are exciting. Yet, sometimes danger also lurks in cities. Do you like living in cities? Which cities have you visited? Which cities you found most satisfying? Why?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">Teaching English in Los Angeles and Santa Monica I’ve found that students, who come from across the globe, enjoy talking about cities. Some English students share stories about moving from rural areas and small towns to an international city; other students enjoy talking about their travel experiences. Discussions naturally touch on housing, employment, and lifestyle choices &#8211; or what education bureaucrats call &#8220;life skills&#8221;. <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English language learners</a> – whether adult immigrants creating a new home or university students living abroad – can reflect on their experiences and share insights discussing urban life.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This month <a href="http://www.compellingconversations.com/pdf/exploring_cities.pdf">Exploring Cities</a>, one of my favorite chapters, is highlighted as a free, reproducible chapter on the  <a href="http://www.compellingconversations.com/">Compelling Conversations</a> website.<span> Like the other 44 chapters, this chapter includes over 30 questions, five proverbs, a dozen quotations, and five classroom activities. </span>Meeting new people, seeing new sights, and holding satisfying conversations are classic urban experiences. Why not bring those discussions and experiences into your English classroom too?</p>
<p class="blogcontent">Ask more. Know more. Share more. Speak more.<br />
Create Compelling Conversations.<br />
Visit www.CompellingConversations.com .</p>
<p><a class="a2a_dd a2a_target addtoany_share_save" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcompellingconversations.com%2Fblog%2F2008%2F11%2F15%2Fexploring-cities-in-esl-classrooms%2F&amp;title=Exploring%20Cities%20in%20ESL%20Classrooms" id="wpa2a_4"><img src="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/share_save_256_24.png" width="256" height="24" alt="Share"/></a></p><p>No related posts.</p>
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		<title>Reading Pleasures and Tastes Adapted for Easy English Times Column</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/11/12/reading-pleasures-and-tastes-adapted-for-easy-english-times-column/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/11/12/reading-pleasures-and-tastes-adapted-for-easy-english-times-column/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 12 Nov 2008 15:47:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Chimayo Press</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[adult education]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[books]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[reading]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reading pleasures]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[what are you reading?]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://compellingconversations.com/blog/?p=115</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Easy English Times, an adult education newspaper for English language learners published in California, adapts a chapter from Compelling Conversations each month. The editors selected &#8220;Reading Pleasures&#8221;, one of my favorite chapters, to run in their November-December issue. Since Easy English Times focuses on the needs of beginning and intermediate ESL students, the editor selects [...]
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.easyenglishtimes.com/" target="_blank">Easy English Times</a>, an adult education newspaper for <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English language learners</a> published in California, adapts a chapter from <a href="http://www.compellingconversations.com/" target="_blank">Compelling Conversations</a> each month. The editors selected &#8220;Reading Pleasures&#8221;, one of my favorite chapters, to run in their November-December issue. Since Easy English Times focuses on the needs of beginning and intermediate ESL students, the editor selects the most accessible sections and adds dictionary definitions, creating a satisfying instant conversation activity.</p>
<p>Here is the Easy English Times Instant Activity for November-December.<br />
Instant activity: Conversation<br />
&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</p>
<div id=":77" class="ArwC7c ckChnd">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<br />
Reading pleasures and tastes</p>
<p>The activities below come from a book for English as a second language learners by Eric Roth and Toni Aberson. The title is &#8220;Compelling Conversations: Questions and Quotations on Timeless Topics.&#8221; (See ad on this page.)</p>
<p>Exchanging views: Reading is a solitary* activity, yet it can bring people together in conversation. Interview your partner and exchange reading experiences.</p>
<p>1. What are some books that you have read and enjoyed?<br />
2. Have you ever re-read a book? Which? Why? How many times?<br />
3. Do you have a library card?  Do you like to browse* in bookstores?<br />
4. Have you ever been in a book club? What kinds of books do/did you read in the book club?<br />
5. Did your mother or other family member read to you as a child? Did you have a favorite story? What was it?<br />
6. Where did you first learn to read? At home? At school?<br />
7. What were your favorite books as a child? Who was your favorite author? Why?<br />
8. As a teenager, did you have any favorite books, comics, or magazines? Can you describe them?<br />
9. Which magazines or newspapers do you scan now*? Why?<br />
10. Who are some famous writers from your country?<br />
11. Can you think of some movies that are adapted from novels?<br />
12. Do you prefer reading fiction or non-fiction? Why?<br />
13. Do you have a favorite writer or poet? Who?<br />
14. Did you have to memorize any poems in school? Which?<br />
15. Have your read any good biographies? Memoirs*? Self-help books?<br />
16. Are you reading a book now? What is it? Can you describe it?<br />
17. Do you think books and magazines make good gifts? Why?<br />
18. What book are you planning to read in the near future?</p>
<p>Quotations: Memorize your favorite quotation and author&#8217;s name. Share it with someone.<br />
1. &#8220;Reading is to the mind, what exercise is to the body.&#8221; &#8211;Richard Steele (1672-1729), Irish writer<br />
2. &#8220;No entertainment is so cheap as reading, nor any pleasure so lasting*.&#8221; &#8211;Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762), British author/critic<br />
3. &#8220;The pleasure of all reading is doubled* when one lives with another who shares the same books.&#8221; &#8211;Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), short story writer and poet<br />
4. &#8220;However many holy words you read, however many you speak, what good will they do you if you do not act upon them?&#8221; &#8211;Buddha (563-483 BC), founder of Buddhism<br />
5. &#8220;Read the best books first, or you may not have a chance to read them all.&#8221; &#8211;Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), essayist<br />
6. &#8220;I would rather be poor in a cottage* full of books than a king without the desire to read.&#8221; &#8211;Thomas B. Macaulay (1800-1859), historian<br />
7. &#8220;A book should serve as the ax* for the frozen sea within us.&#8221; &#8211;Franz Kafka (1883-1924), novelist<br />
8. &#8220;Any book that helps a child to form the habit of reading, to make reading one of his deep and continuing needs, is good for him.&#8221; &#8211;Maya Angelou (1928-), American poet<br />
9. &#8220;A truly great book should be read in youth*, again in maturity and once more in old age, as a fine building should be seen by morning light, at noon and by moonlight.&#8221; &#8211;Robertson Davies (1913-1995), Canadian novelist</p>
<p>On your own: Bring in a book which is important to you. Show the book to the class. Tell them the author, the title, and the reason why this book is important to you.</p>
<p>VOCABULARY HELP*<br />
ax &#8211; An ax is a tool for cutting wood.<br />
browse &#8211; If you browse in a store, you look at things in a casual way, in the hope that you might find something you like.<br />
cottage &#8211; A cottage is a small house, usually in the country.<br />
doubled &#8211; When something doubles or when you doubled it, it becomes twice as great in number, amount, or size.<br />
essays &#8211; Essays are short pieces of writing on a particular subject.<br />
lasting &#8211; You can use lasting to describe a situation, result, or agreement that continues to exist or have an effect for a very long time.<br />
memoirs &#8211; A person&#8217;s memoirs are a written account of the people who they have known and events that they remember.<br />
scan &#8211; When you scan written material, you look through it quickly in order to find important or interesting information.<br />
solitary &#8211; A solitary activity is one that you do alone.<br />
youth &#8211; Someone&#8217;s youth is the period of their life during which they are a child, before they are a fully mature adult.</p>
<p>*Definitions from the Collins COBUILD Intermediate Dictionary of American English, published by Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning © 2008 and the Newbury House Dictionary of American English 4th edition, by Rideout. © 2004 Monroe Allen Publishers. Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning enjoys an exclusive license with respect to the copyright and all the exclusive rights comprised in the copyright in the work and all revisions thereof.<br />
&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;</p>
<p>I love these monthly columns because they keep me connected to adult education and my decade of teaching immigrants and refugees in Los Angeles and Santa Monica. The atmosphere in those classrooms, where everyone volunteered and no one worried about grades, is something quite special. We were just adults sharing our experiences, insights, and languages.</p>
<p>Ask more. Know more. Share more.<br />
Create Compelling Conversations.<br />
Visit <a href="http://www.compellingconversations.com/" target="_blank">www.CompellingConversations.com</a><br />
<span style="color: #888888;"><br />
</span></div>
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		<title>Let&#8217;s Talk About the American Elections, Voting, and Democratic Values in English Class</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/11/07/american-elections-shows-power-of-voting-and-american-ideals/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/11/07/american-elections-shows-power-of-voting-and-american-ideals/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2008 19:01:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Chimayo Press</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[adult education]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://compellingconversations.com/blog/?p=106</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Who makes the rules? Who chooses the rulers? Can citizens peacefully replace ineffective, unpopular leaders? Yes, we can! In the United States of America, voters enjoyed their opportunity to hire and fire their President. People voted, machines counted the votes, and millions of people around the nation smiled, laughed, and felt hopeful again. Senator Obama, [...]
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:ApplyBreakingRules /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:UseFELayout /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><span class="mceItemObject"   classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></span><br />
<mce:style><!  st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --></p>
<p><!--[endif]-->Who makes the rules? Who chooses the rulers? Can citizens peacefully replace ineffective, unpopular leaders?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">Yes, we can!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">In the United   States of America, voters enjoyed their opportunity to hire and fire their President. People voted, machines counted the votes, and millions of people around the nation smiled, laughed, and felt hopeful again. Senator Obama, as so often, captured the power and beauty of the peaceful transfer of power in his eloquent speech Tuesday.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">&#8220;If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. &#8220;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Barack Hussein Obama (1961- ), President-elect of the United States</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:ApplyBreakingRules /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:UseFELayout /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> Read <a href="http://features.csmonitor.com/politics/2008/11/05/president-elect-barack-obamas-acceptance-speech/">Obama’s entire speech.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">What a patriotic quotation celebrating freedom! Cara Fulton, at <a href="http://www.maestrousa.com/">www.maestrousa.com</a> and ESL maven, suggests adding Obama’s quote to the list of great quotes and next edition of <a href="http://www.compellingconversations.com/">Compelling Conversations</a>. Cara, who helps students develop the full spectrum of English language skills, sees the power of Obama’s election as a celebration of America. Reka, another friend and ESL teacher is adding<span> </span>excerpts from Obama’s speech to her oral skills course for international students. (Note: Reka watch the two times – back to back – on election night.) Americans, across the country, felt united in a shared moment of hope and pride.<span> </span>Our system, the democratic system, still works! Voting counts.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">We are coming back – to our ideals, our citizens, and our best traditions! The United   States, the first nation explicitly created on enlightenment ideals, will become an inspiring 21<sup>st</sup> century nation.<span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">This surprising election seems like a very teachable moment. Immigrants and international students can rest assured that they made the right decision to come to the United   States. <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English language learners</a> around the world should feel the enlarged possibilities that come with our strange tongue. European sceptics and Arab critics should candidly reassess their prejudices about Americans and the American government. After all, Obama – the son of an international African student and an adventurous Midwestern scholar – has just won the Presidency of the United   States. Where else could that happen?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">ESL teachers, especially in the United States, can and should celebrate this democratic tradition in our classrooms. Immigrants, refugees, and international students &#8211; in the United States and other western democratic countries &#8211; often understand the power of democracy on a deeper level than many jaded Americans. The passion of students for good government, justice, and voting will lead to an engaging discussions. Let&#8217;s give students a chance to speak up in our classes, and marvel at the election of Obama.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">Click here for a free advanced ESL conversation lesson on <a href="http://www.compellingconversations.com/pdf/voting.pdf">Voting</a> from <a href="http://www.compellingconversations.com/">Compelling Conversations.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ask more. Know more. Share more.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Create <a href="http://www.compellingconversations.com/">Compelling Conversations.</a></p>
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		<title>CATESOL Conference Highlights Practical ESL Teaching Techniques</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/09/30/catesol-conference-highlights-practical-esl-teaching-techniques/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/09/30/catesol-conference-highlights-practical-esl-teaching-techniques/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Oct 2008 05:52:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eric Roth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[adult education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[California]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CATESOL]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Eric Roth]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[LA Regional CATESOL conference]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SEIU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Troy Parr]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[workplace English]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[WWW. What Works and Why]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://compellingconversations.com/blog/?p=97</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Are you looking to share practical techniques with your fellow English teachers? What works in your ESL classroom? What tends to work in other ESL classrooms? Why? The Los Angeles Regional CATESOL conference, titled “WWW. What Works and Why” at Biola University on October 25 features over 60 workshops and panel discussions. The annual event [...]
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Are you looking to share practical techniques with your fellow <a href="http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2011/06/05/english-teachers-confront-billion-person-question/">English teachers</a>? What works in your ESL classroom? What tends to work in other ESL classrooms? Why?</p>
<p>The Los Angeles Regional CATESOL conference, titled “WWW. What Works and Why” at Biola University on October 25 features over 60 workshops and panel discussions. The annual event is expected to attract over 500 ESL professions from K-12 classes, adult education, IEP, and community college and university programs. CATESOL members receive a discount on the conference fee.</p>
<p>Do you live in Southern California? Do you have plans for October 25th yet? Visit<br />
http://www.lacatesol2008.org/ if you are interested. This regional conference is larger than many state conferences and reflects the importance of studying English to immigrants in Los Angeles – especially during economically difficult times.</p>
<p>By the way, I will be giving a 45-minute presentation titled “Techniques for a More Democratic Classroom”  and a joint presentation titled “Creating Win-Win Workplace English Programs That Work for Both Employers and Employees.”</p>
<p>In my solo presentation, I will review classroom practices like tailoring assignments for individual students, effective peer evaluations, and organizing students to create classroom materials. Some exercises come from  <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">Compelling Conversations</a>, but most exercises are practices that I’ve developed over time in both writing and speaking courses.</p>
<p>The second presentation, with Troy Parr, comes out of a series of vocational ESL workshops that we designed for an important union for healthcare workers, the SEIU, in Los Angeles. (The director of their workplace educational programs read  Compelling Conversations., and contacted me. I brought in Troy, who wrote his thesis on best practices in workplace ESL programs.) We emphasize the importance of creating practical, participant specific exercises that both introduce new workplace vocabulary and provide many opportunities to speak, write, and reflect on workplace issues – in English.  These workshop exercise such as rewriting forms, writing memos, and giving presentations on safety tips also help students develop their language skills for beyond their immediate job.</p>
<p>Naturally, I hope you can make the LA Regional CATESOL conference. See you there?</p>
<p>For more information:</p>
<p>http://www.lacatesol2008.org/</p>
<p>http://catesol.org</p>
<p>Ask more. Know more. Share more.<br />
Create <a href="http://www.CompellingConversations.com">Compelling Conversations.<br />
</a>Visit www.CompellingConversations.com</p>
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		<title>California Immigrants are Learning English &#8211; and Want to Learn More!</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/09/25/california-immigrants-are-learning-english-and-want-to-learn-more/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/09/25/california-immigrants-are-learning-english-and-want-to-learn-more/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2008 15:07:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eric Roth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[academic matters]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Do American immigrants want to learn English? Are the children of Spanish-speaking adult immigrants learning English? What are the recent trends in California and Los Angeles? A recently released Census Bureau report, based on the 2007 Census information, shows that – shock, shock – immigrants overwhelmingly want to improve their English skills. It also shows [...]
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Do American immigrants want to learn English? Are the children of Spanish-speaking adult immigrants learning English? What are the recent trends in California and Los Angeles? </p>
<p>A recently released Census Bureau report, based on the 2007 Census information, shows that – shock, shock – immigrants overwhelmingly want to improve their English skills. It also shows that a slight majority (51%) of immigrants in Los Angeles claim that they can speak English fluently – an increase from just a few years ago. The study also notes that 88% of immigrant children claim to speak English – and want to learn more. </p>
<p>Yesterday’s Los Angeles Times editorial “Speak English? Yes, more immigrants do “ provides a solid introduction to the heated debate over language and immigration in California. The editorial also argues that immigration reform should include a provision to keep families united so the American children of illegal immigrant parents are not separated from their parents. Finally, the editorial concludes that both the United States and the English language continue to evolve and Americans should embrace change.</p>
<p>The fine editorial, however, could and should have called for both expanding and improving the quality of public education programs so immigrants – including  adult  immigrants &#8211; can learn English quicker. A better Census report also would have included the legal status of immigrants and gone beyond self-reported data by immigrants with evolving language skills. </p>
<p>The editorial’s strong, humane conclusion is worth repeating verbatim:<br />
“American culture grows and adapts as new immigrants redefine it over the generations, and the same can be said of the English language. We should embrace that evolution, not hold it at bay with false and alarmist arguments about the threat to American values.”</p>
<p>Los Angeles Times, September 24, 2008  editorial </p>
<p>Doesn’t that sound sane and civilized? </p>
<p>Ask more. Know more. Share more.<br />
Create Compelling Conversations.<br />
Visit www.CompellingConversations.com </p>
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		<title>How can they say that? Why is that junk on television?</title>
		<link>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/09/12/how-can-they-say-that-on-television/</link>
		<comments>http://compellingconversations.com/blog/2008/09/12/how-can-they-say-that-on-television/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 13 Sep 2008 06:04:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eric Roth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[adult education]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[free speech]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[mocking]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[quotations of freedom]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Robert H. Jackson]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[satire]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://compellingconversations.com/blog/?p=70</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ESL students, international visitors, and many American citizens often express shock, dismay, and outrage over television programs. How can the news show people struggling on a rooftop, a criminal cursing the police, or a comedian mocking a vice-presidential candidate &#8211; or the sitting United States president? What about those pseudo-pornographic junk shows and awful words [...]
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="entry">
<p>ESL students, international visitors, and many American citizens often express shock, dismay, and outrage over television programs. How can the news show people struggling on a rooftop, a criminal cursing the police, or a comedian mocking a vice-presidential candidate &#8211; or the sitting United States president? What about those pseudo-pornographic junk shows and awful words that children should never hear? Or that crazy commentator stirring up trouble with lies and hateful generalizations?</p>
<p>Free speech does not mean polite, wise, or smart speech &#8211; even on television and the radio. Gossip, pseudo-news, and sensationalism also sells. While television is regulated, cable shows remain a free speech zone.  Is this smart? Yes!</p>
<p>“The price of freedom of religion, or of speech, or of the press, is that we must put up with a great deal of rubbish.”</p>
<p>Robert H. Jackson (1892-1954), U.S. Supreme Court Justice</p></div>
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